• Economic modelling has not kept pace with the needs of policymakers managing the energy transition;
• Researchers make call for new generation of models to help public and industry sectors;
• Use of economic models must move beyond cost-benefit analysis, which has hindered climate action in the past.

The ambition of policymakers navigating the energy transition has surpassed the capacity of economic modelling for the first time, a keynote paper published today argues.

In a featured comment publication for Nature Energy, researchers - including from the Institute for New Economic Thinking and the Oxford Smith School at the University of Oxford - outline the challenges facing policymakers working with traditional economic modelling across the public and industrial sectors.

The paper calls for a shift from narrow cost-benefit analysis and modelling based on economic equilibrium, towards models which capture the dynamics of the transition and represent policy ideas in real detail. These capabilities are required to match the policies governments are actually designing and implementing now, such as the ETS in China, offshore wind auctions in the UK, and the Inflation Reduction Act in the US.

Lead author Dr Pete Barbrook-Johnson, Senior Research Associate at the Institute for New Economic Thinking at the Oxford Martin School, said that the global policy conversation had shifted, bringing with it a different set of requirements for economic modellers.

“We've been working with partners in China, India, Brazil, the UK, and Europe to explore what kind of modelling support they need to understand the energy transition.

“What they tell us is that they really need models that allow them to capture the detail of policies to understand what their impacts might be and how the energy transition might unfold. We have been developing these capabilities for a few years, and this cohort of new models is now maturing.

“But, we must acknowledge what is required is a new type of modelling that's not been established and used in lots of places, so we need to do more to expand and learn from the promising work that's already out there. In this paper, we explore what we what we need to do, things like invest in new teams, work with partners in more countries, and collect more detailed economic data to match the details of the models” Dr Barbrook-Johnson said.

Doyne Farmer, Director of the Complexity Economics Programme at the Institute for New Economic Thinking at the Oxford Martin School and Baillie Gifford Professor of Complex Systems Science at the Oxford Smith School, University of Oxford said that there was a danger that traditional economic modellers were being left behind by energy transition.

“Traditional economics has failed us by providing, so far, mostly bad advice. We’re trying to remedy that by developing a whole new style of models based on a different set of principles that does a better job of explaining empirical facts and that can better guide us through the transition.

“This paper lays out a kind of manifesto for what can be done, including talking about the successes we’ve had in the EEIST project, where we gave examples of models that we think are doing a significantly better job than others.

“Among other things we’ve shown that the energy transition is going to happen much faster than people have been realising as the costs of renewable energy are going to drop lower than fossil fuels on a purely economic basis. We need new economic modelling to support this. We still need some government support for technologies like green hydrogen that are needed to provide storage” Professor Farmer said.

Supporting information

Publication

• Link: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41560-024-01452-7
• Available from: 10am, 2 February 2024
• DOI number: 10.1038/s41560-024-01452-7

Short video explainers

• Pete Barbrook Johnson - Nature Energy policy and modelling - YouTube
• Doyne Farmer - Nature Energy policy and modelling - YouTube

About the EEIST project

• EEIST is a University of Exeter led project which develops cutting edge complexity-based modelling solutions to support government decision-making around low-carbon innovation and technological change, aiming to facilitate a rapid low-carbon transition. The programme brings together world-leading expertise in complex systems modelling, economics and climate and environmental policy to better understand, and contribute to informing with rigorous science climate policy initiatives in China, Brazil, India, the UK and EU.
• For more information about the project and access to the policy briefs, please visit the EEIST project website: eeist.co.uk

For further information or media enquiries please contact:

• Jonathan Martin, Communications Manager – INET Oxford jonathan.martin@inet.ox.ac.uk, 07407 876 751